Tag

crowding_out

2 cards

Methods & evidenceRCT
Firm-Side Substitution Bound
For every 1.398 formal apprentices placed per firm, host firms displaced 0.318 traditional apprentices, yielding an estimated firm substitution parameter $\psi = 0.227$ (p = 0.128) and bounding net position creation between 74.1% and 77.3% of formal placements.
EducationRCT
Household Input Substitution
Even among poor households with spending near baseline levels, 88 percent spent more than the grant amount (Rs 125/year), allowing anticipated grants to relax general budget constraints and result in a 76% private expenditure offset (elasticity of -0.21, p < 0.01).