Tag
crowding_out
2 findings
Labour & employmentFirm-Side Substitution BoundFor every 1.398 formal apprentices placed per firm, host firms displaced 0.318 traditional apprentices, yielding an estimated firm substitution parameter $\psi = 0.227$ (p = 0.128) and bounding net position creation between 74.1% and 77.3% of formal placements.RCTEducationHousehold Input SubstitutionIn Year 2 of the Indian experiment, household education spending dropped by 0.76 dollars for every 1 dollar of anticipated school funding (elasticity of -0.21, p < 0.01), demonstrating substantial crowding out of 50% to 100%.RCT