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Access to regional digital marketplaces produced limited direct increases in revenue, profit, or worker income for small individual firms on the platform, while generating broader market gains for large intermediaries and regional consumers.
Mandatory participation eliminates non-market leisure time value ($h = 0.013$, equivalent to ~2% of UI benefit levels or >1% of worker productivity), disciplining worker outside options and lowering equilibrium wages by 0.03%, which encourages firms to expand overall vacancy postings by 2.4%.
Transport subsidies increased job search probability by 12.5% and central job board visits by 9 percentage points (nearly 30%) during the intervention [21]. At 8 months, formal employment rose by 5.4 percentage points, but all impacts on employment and earnings completely dissipated by 4 years [10, 11, 22].
In Ethiopia, transport subsidies helped youth secure higher-quality employment and reduced job seeker discouragement. In South Africa, transit subsidies to access city centers adjusted wage expectations toward realistic market rates and increased acceptance of jobs closer to home. In Jordan, direct cash transfers significantly increased job search effort, employment rates, and total earnings among refugees.