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Developed-country plant managers can make capital investments averaging $50,000 without higher authorization, whereas developing-country owners sign off on minor $25 purchase orders; the number of owner brothers and sons directly predicts firm size due to selective family delegation [8, 10].
Developing-country firms lack modern data systems for tracking inputs, outputs, and inventories, significantly increasing theft risk and directly contributing to lower decentralization compared to developed-country counterparts.
The count of owner brothers and sons directly predicted firm size and plant expansion; well-managed firms with zero brothers/sons operated only a single plant, while poorly managed firms with multiple male relatives established multiple production plants.