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Placing 1.398 formal apprentices per firm displaced only 0.318 traditional apprentices, creating a net gain of 1.080 total apprentices per firm (p < 0.0001); net job creation was bounded between 74.1% and 77.3% of formal positions placed.
In Côte d'Ivoire, net participant earning gains accounted for only 53 percent of total public works wages due to foregone lower-paying work. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, when one family member participated, other household members worked 1.5 percentage points less, contributing to a 9 percent decline in total monthly household earnings.