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Business growth effects (increased loan uptake and sales expansion) were heavily concentrated among upper-caste Hindu women facing moderate social restrictions. Training produced no significant business expansion among Muslim women facing extreme social restrictions or among scheduled-caste Hindu women who faced lower baseline social restrictions.
Scheduled Caste Hindu women face the fewest restrictions (mean index = 0.48), Upper Caste Hindu women face 50% more restrictions (mean index = 0.75), and Muslim women face more than double the restriction intensity of Upper Caste women (mean index = 1.70).
Overall program take-up exceeded 70%, but Scheduled Caste women (the least restricted group) were nearly 33% more likely to attend training sessions than Muslim and Upper Caste Hindu women, demonstrating that baseline social mobility dictates intervention take-up.