Community Incentive and Distance Instrumental Variable Method
Measuring the causal effect of community-level health information or disease prevalence on individual behavior is confounded by endogeneity, as prevalence and testing decisions correlate with unobserved individual and village characteristics.
Picture this
Imagine trying to determine if eating at a local diner makes people happy, but happier people naturally choose to eat out more often. To isolate the real effect, a researcher gives randomly assigned discount coupons to various neighborhoods; comparing neighborhood happiness based solely on coupon density reveals the pure effect of diner visits. Similarly, offering random cash incentives and varying distance to testing centers across villages creates exogenous variation in community testing rates to measure genuine peer learning effects.
What the evidence says
The first-stage regression predicting the proportion of village members learning HIV results yields a strong F-statistic of 23.98 without controls, with an average of 72.3% of village members learning test results (SD = 0.186).
- Who
- N = 2,654 individuals in 117 villages assigned incentives in 2004, with N = 1,995 followed up in 2006; 78.2% received non-zero monetary incentives (average $1.02), living an average of 1.99 km from results centers.
- How
- Village-level averages of individual monetary incentives ($0 to $3) and distance to mobile counseling centers used as instrumental variables for the proportion of community members receiving test results.
What to do
Utilize village-level aggregated experimental treatments as instrumental variables when evaluating social spillover effects to eliminate endogenous peer selection bias.
From the source
"We measure the causal effect of others' testing by utilizing an experiment that randomly offered incentives to individuals to learn their HIV test results at randomly located results centers."
Learning from Others' HIV Testing: Updating Beliefs and Responding to Risk
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