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Public works programs generated lasting community-level productive assets—such as roads and irrigation systems—that provide structural benefits to whole communities beyond the direct monetary transfers of traditional cash programs.
Leveraged existing labs to deliver instruction at a low marginal cost of $14.60 per student, though 3 of 46 treatment groups suffered non-implementation due to localized internet connectivity failures.
Daily agricultural wages are significantly higher in villages with banks (0.167–0.431 log point increase), paved roads (0.751–0.909 log point increase), and bus stops (0.107–0.542 log point increase), with transport infrastructure significantly reducing wage sensitivity to rainfall shocks [14, 16].
Presence of a paved road increases baseline daily wages (coefficient = 0.909, t = 4.20) but reduces rainfall sensitivity of wages by 0.222 log points per mm/day (t = -7.58); bus stops reduce rainfall sensitivity of wages by 0.149 log points per mm/day (t = -3.76).