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Structuring public wage payments through female-owned bank accounts and training led to a 0.08–0.09 standard deviation liberalization in the perceived gender norms index without direct norm messaging campaigns.
Children over 12 whose mothers were assigned any job became 0.1 standard deviations less traditional in their gender views, whereas attitudes of younger children showed no measurable change.
At baseline, 56% of men anticipated that community members would view them as a bad provider if their wives worked outside the home for pay.
Business training increased the likelihood of taking a loan by 13 percentage points (p < 0.05) and boosted labor market activity by 19 percentage points (a 25% increase, p < 0.01) among upper-caste Hindu women [7-9]. In contrast, the treatment effect on earning business income was 37 percentage points lower for Scheduled Caste women (p < 0.001) and 22 percentage points lower for Muslim women (p < 0.05), demonstrating a non-monotonic impact across restriction tiers [3, 8].
Assignment to the full intervention group resulted in a 0.08–0.09 standard deviation liberalization in a perceived gender norms index, reducing the perception that husbands of working women would be judged negatively.