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Delays in marketing meant farmers had already spent cash reserves on fertilizer prior to insurance offer windows, depressing cash sales. 70% of households reported lacking sufficient income for basic needs, amplifying time-sensitive liquidity barriers.
Standard periodic attendance subsidies increased secondary school attendance by 2 to 4 percentage points, whereas lump-sum payments timed at matriculation deadlines increased tertiary education attendance by over 9 percentage points.
Grace period clients exhibited 6.0% higher short-run business investment, nearly 3 times higher rates of new business formation (2.0% control vs 4.6% treatment), 41.0% higher weekly profits, 19.5% higher monthly household income, 81.0% higher business capital, and an 11.0% to 13.0% monthly return on capital, alongside default rates that were 6 to 9 percentage points higher (5.4% default vs 1.6% control at 24 weeks).
An initial investment differential of 6.0% (Rs 383.9) compounded over 36 months at a net monthly return differential of 2.0% (6.0% vs 4.0%) produces a Rs 23,000 capital stock gap, matching the observed Rs 23,600 empirical difference at endline [1, 2].
Four months after treatment, the cash grant increased Syrian refugee employment by 3.8 percentage points (a 70% increase over the control mean of 5.2%, p = 0.027) and increased monthly earnings by 65% (p = 0.040). Treatment effects were concentrated among jobseekers with below-median expenditure at baseline.
Four months post-treatment, the cash grant increased Syrian refugee employment by 3.8 percentage points (a 70% increase over control) and raised earnings by 65% (p = 0.040) [22, 30]. It doubled job retention rates from 3.3% to 6.2% (p = 0.036) and increased hourly wages by 0.308 JOD (p = 0.055) [26, 31].
Targeted and untargeted cash scholarship interventions produced a precisely estimated null effect (0 percentage point impact) on high school graduation rates.
In Comoros, cash earned through workfare enabled marginalized groups to fund previously unaffordable migration costs; in India, NREGA work opportunities available close to home significantly reduced internal labor migration out of rural areas.
Dynamic labor supply responses over a 10-year follow-up period show statistically indistinguishable trajectory patterns between lump-sum payout recipients and monthly annuity recipients, rejecting severe present bias or binding borrowing constraints.
High-season workers facing acute liquidity constraints and lean food months report higher recent daily wages (344.6 MWK vs 257.7 MWK, p < 0.01) and sort 0.48 more units per day (p < 0.01). Self-reported cash-generating outside options significantly lower minimum reservation rates within worker.
Winning a 1M SEK windfall reduces self-employment income by 0.051 SEK per 100 SEK won (p = 0.088), representing a 7.72% reduction relative to baseline mean self-employment income (6,598 SEK), which is a larger proportional drop than wage earnings (-5.49%); self-employment participation drops by 0.139 percentage points per 1M SEK won (p = 0.491), contradicting theories that liquidity shocks promote entrepreneurial entry.
At two months post-grant (Round 3), capital grant recipients spent 179.3 GH¢ more than the control group on their baseline-stated target investments (p < 0.10) and showed a net asset/savings financial flow increase of 326.2 GH¢ at Round 6 (p < 0.01). By Round 8 (two years post-baseline), new investment flows turned negative (-13.70 GH¢ for capital only, -64.92 GH¢ for combined, p > 0.10).