Baseline Work Heterogeneity
Labor force participation increases across public and private sectors were largest among women who had not previously worked for MGNREGS and whose husbands held conservative gender views.
Tag
mgnregs
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Economic Targeting for Social Norm Shift
Structuring public wage payments through female-owned bank accounts and training led to a 0.08–0.09 standard deviation liberalization in the perceived gender norms index without direct norm messaging campaigns.
Financial Literacy Kiosk Training
Labor market participation and financial autonomy gains were concentrated exclusively among women who received both direct deposits and financial training, whereas bank account provision alone yielded negligible impact.
Gender-Targeted Direct Wage Deposit
Three years after implementation, average total wage deposits reached US$66 at contemporary exchange rates (equivalent to annual average wage earnings), and assignment to full treatment yielded a 0.12 standard deviation increase in the female banking autonomy index.
Dual-Condition Financial Empowerment
Significant labor supply and empowerment gains were concentrated exclusively among women who received both direct wage deposit and financial training; account access alone or direct deposit without training produced no meaningful shift in labor force participation.