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Randomized sorting ensured baseline equivalence between groups, establishing that sectoral programs causally increased 2-year earnings by $4,500 in SEIS (18% increase, p < 0.01), 5-year earnings by $2,716 in WorkAdvance (11.5% increase, p < 0.01), and 11-year earnings by $4,616 in Project QUEST (15% increase, p < 0.01).
Randomized assignment isolated the direct causal impact of management practices, proving an estimated annual profit increase of US$325,000 per treatment plant.
Pooled earnings across all four providers increased by $1,945 (a 14% increase, p < 0.01) in Year 2 and $2,716 (a 11.5% increase, p < 0.01) in Year 5 [10, 11]. Mature providers yielded higher impacts; Per Scholas participants achieved a 41 percentage point increase in IT sector employment in Year 2 (61% vs. 20%, p < 0.01) and a 19.6% long-term earnings gain in Year 6 (p < 0.01) [10, 12, 13].